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To an inexperienced writer, citing and documenting sources may seem like busywork; however, complete and accurate citing and documenting of all external sources helps writers achieve three very important goals:
The brief answer to this question is “always.” Every time you use someone else’s ideas, arguments, opinions, or data, you need to carefully acknowledge their author and source.
Keep in mind that you are not just borrowing others’ words when you use sources in your writing; you are borrowing ideas, too. Therefore, even if you are not directly quoting the source, but paraphrasing or summarizing it, you still need to cite it both in the text and at the end of the paper in a list of references.
The only exception is when you are dealing with what is known as “common knowledge.” Common knowledge consists of facts that are so widely known that they do not require a source reference.
EXAMPLE
If you say in your writing that the Earth rotates around the Sun or that Ronald Reagan was a U.S. President, you do not need to cite the sources of this common knowledge formally.Outright, intentional plagiarism is always a serious offense, but plagiarism can be unintentional as well.
IN CONTEXT
Some students plagiarize on purpose by simply lifting whole paragraphs from their sources and hoping that it looks like their own work. Additionally, with the advent of the Internet, it has become relatively easy to download complete papers. Various people and organizations, sometimes masquerading as “writing consultants,” promise students that they will write a paper on any subject and at any level of complexity for a hefty fee. Clearly, the use of such services by student writers is dishonest and dishonorable.
Other students plagiarize “accidentally"—that is, they fail to cite information they took from a source because they quickly assess that the information they chose resides in a “gray area,” and thus might not need to be cited.
If you see in-text citation of sources as a final, trivial step to writing rather than as an integral part, you are bound to slip up somewhere in your citation practice or lose track of the relationship between your own ideas and those of your sources.
Plagiarism is a problem that exists not only on college, university, and high school campuses.
IN CONTEXT
In recent years, several high-profile cases involving famous writers and journalists have surfaced, in which these writers were accused of either presenting someone else's work as their own or fabricating works based on fictitious or unreliable research.
As mentioned previously, in addition to intentional plagiarism, there is also the unintentional kind. Beginning writers’ work sometimes includes passages which could be considered plagiarized because such writers often do not know how to cite and document external sources properly, or do not understand that importance of following proper citation practices.
Observing the following practices will help you avoid plagiarism:
1. As you research, keep careful notes of your sources. This will help you keep track of which materials in those notes comes from external sources and which material is yours. Be sure to record the following information:
Source: This content has been adapted from Lumen Learning's "Acknowledging Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism" and "How Plagiarism Occurs" tutorials.
Try the activity on this worksheet to test your ability to detect plagiarism.