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As part of the first step in the writing process, brainstorming involves the use of a number of techniques to generate ideas and clarify thinking.
Writers use these techniques to discover and focus their thoughts about a given subject. In other words, brainstorming enables writers to discover what they know or believe about a topic. Brainstorming also helps them to generate ideas.
Once writers discover what they know or believe about a topic, they can use a brainstorming technique to search through that knowledge for related ideas, and to set boundaries for their topic.
EXAMPLE
Brainstorming can help writers who have been assigned to write a three-page essay about a specific topic to determine not only what they can write about, but also what they cannot.Now that you know what brainstorming is good for, how do you do it? There are a number of different brainstorming techniques, but all of them share a similar purpose.
Though it's unlikely that any writer would use all of these techniques at the beginning of every writing project, consider how each of the following methods might help you with a writing project. It's possible that your brainstorming needs will be different each time you begin the writing process.
Clustering, or mapping, is a way to generate ideas using words and shapes, and lines that show the connections between them. To use this technique, begin by thinking about your subject.
EXAMPLE
Suppose that your subject is "pie." To create a map (or cluster) of pie, write "pie" and then surround it with all of the other words that you can associate with it.Clustering is a visualization of how a writer can progress from a broad subject to specific examples and can even discover a different translation of the central term—one that is unrelated to any other term in the cluster.
Lists are also useful for generating thoughts related to a topic, question, or problem. As shown below, lists can present thoughts in a more structured way than clustering.
Things about pie:
- Dessert—others include ice cream, cake, etc.
- Mostly have it at parties—e.g., Thanksgiving, other holidays
- 3.14
- Many different types—cherry, apple, pumpkin (Thanksgiving)
Unlike a cluster, which can take any form, lists tend towards hierarchical arrangement, as the first ideas are placed higher.
Freewriting, which is also referred to as stream-of-consciousness writing or free association, is perhaps the simplest brainstorming technique, but it can produce great results.
To freewrite, just start writing. Write anything and everything that comes to mind as quickly as you can. Keep writing until you can't think of anything else (or your hand hurts from holding a pencil, or your keyboard is steaming). Don't slow down (or stop) to correct grammar or even to "make sense."
Freewriting gives you something to work on. It's much easier to work on something than on nothing (e.g., a blank page that remains blank while the writer struggles to come up with something that makes sense and is grammatically correct).
Freewriting might look something like this:
Note that this example contains most of the information in the list example above. However, it's presented differently because it was created differently.
The five Ws are:
Here's an example of results produced by the five Ws technique:
Who: For me and my grandmother, who used to make pies.
What: A kind of dessert that comes in different kinds, like cherry, apple, and my grandmother's pumpkin.
When: It's been ages.
Where: Anywhere I want.
Why: Because pie is a cultural thing, but we don't think of it that way, for some reason.
Most of the writer's responses in this example did not produce useful information (in part as a result of the silly topic). In response to the last W, however, the writer made an insightful statement: an answer to a question (why) that may not have been asked without using the five Ws brainstorming technique.
Directed writing is writing in response to an assignment. Writing assignments often include not only a topic, but also related questions (or prompts) that are designed to encourage the open-minded thinking involved in brainstorming.
Here's a response to an assignment to write about what pie means to you:
Note that this response sounds a bit like an essay. There may be a thesis statement in it, or an interesting narrative that might help the writer to come up with a thesis statement.
Any of the brainstorming techniques described here can help you to begin the writing process. It's up to you to find which of them works best in a particular situation. The "best" technique is the one that enables you to find ideas, generate content, and beat "writer's block" before it starts.
Brainstorming is particularly helpful when you need to find a topic to write about. Writing assignments often include a broad subject, but not a specific topic. In academic writing, a topic is the focus of an essay or other written work; it's what the essay is about.
Any of the preceding brainstorming techniques can help writers to identify topics.
EXAMPLE
If you were assigned to write an essay about pie, you might use clustering or mapping to decide what you want to write about pie.Take another look at the brainstorming examples above. Connections have been drawn between "types" and "desserts" and "party." Those connections might be interesting, but the connections between the party and the subtopics of "Thanksgiving" and "grandma," and the notion of dessert, might be the most productive. Beginning with no more than "pie," the writer was led to think about her grandmother.
Perhaps, then, this writer is most interested in the way that food (in this case, pie) can trigger memories.
EXAMPLE
This brainstorming process could turn into an essay about how the writer remembers details about a grandmother (who may have died years ago) because of the sight, smell, or taste of a dessert she made only once or twice a year. The relationship between food and memory can certainly be a topic worth writing about.Source: THIS TUTORIAL WAS AUTHORED BY SOPHIA LEARNING. PLEASE SEE OUR TERMS OF USE.