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The first thing that should be noted when beginning a discussion about conclusions is that after the introduction, the conclusion is the most important part of an essay. It's the last point, the last idea, the very last words— words that will be rattling around in your readers' heads when they put your text down and are sitting and thinking about what they just read.
Therefore, it makes sense for you, or any writer, to pay special attention to how the last paragraphs and sentences of a text come together. Remember that, like an introduction, a conclusion doesn't have to be just one paragraph. Rather, the writer should find whatever approach works best for a particular project.
Besides putting a physical end to the text, the conclusion needs to wrap up the essay and give readers a feeling of cohesion and closure. One way writers do this is by referring back to the introduction, to create a sense of circular motion.
EXAMPLE
If a particular technique was used in the first paragraph - like an anecdote, definition, or quotation - revisiting or mentioning it at or near the end of a text is often a good idea. Restating the thesis is often another recommended approach.However, even if a technique was not used earlier, you can still include it in the conclusion. After all, a conclusion is always more than just a summary of what's come before it.
Even though a conclusion should be more than a simple summary of the essay, summaries are a big part of many highly-effective conclusions. This approach entails briefly noting the essay's major points, and restating the thesis— in different words than before, of course. This is a fairly basic form of conclusion.
However, it can be particularly useful in essays that put forth a long, complicated, or multi-part argument. Consider the following summary conclusion:
Before that night, I never thought much about what it means to be male. Before then, I never worried about the ways I might be perceived as a threat to women. I knew, as you saw, that I had no ill intentions, but before that night I never thought about how little we know about the intentions of others. Before that night, I thought all that mattered was that I was a good person, and that I acted like it, because before that night I didn't understand the hundred and thousand ways that all of us are already part of a bigger system, and that our actions, and our inactions, are only part of the problem.
Though you don't have the rest of the essay, suffice it to say that just about all of the points here were raised earlier in the body of the essay, though not in so close a context, and never with the refrain "before that night" to build momentum.
While, again, this is an example of what's generally considered to be a basic form of conclusion, summaries can do a lot of work for an argument when they're structured effectively.
Another approach to conclusions is to expand the discussion beyond the scope of the essay's thesis. These types of conclusions work most often by raising questions that still need answers, or which are not possible to answer in the time and space allowed. Sometimes they list work or research that still needs to be done, or even bring up related ideas that weren't able to be incorporated into the text, due to space and time constraints.
This kind of conclusion has the advantage of being able to up the ante of the main points, by gesturing toward the urgency or importance of your ideas, as well as showing that you know more, and have thought more about your topic, than can be incorporated in the space allowed.
You can also stake out territory for research or thinking that you might want to do later. This is particularly common in subject-specific arguments.
EXAMPLE
A graduate student's first research paper about a subject she might want to pursue can become a dissertation later.The expansion approach is also common in arguments trying to persuade readers to take a specific action, as it can gesture toward other, broader reasons for doing so, without actually having to go into detail about them. The conclusion below, taken from an essay about evolution and technological development, gestures toward a broader argument.
In many ways, we are the ultimate specialists, though our specialization - tool-using - has allowed us to spread across more of the planet than any other large animal in Earth's history. But the tools we now use are so complicated and diverse and all-encompassing that virtually none of us are capable of understanding or using - much less building or maintaining - every piece of technology that impacts our lives. Taken to this extreme, our specialization is, like in the plants and animals we try so hard to separate ourselves from, as much a weakness as it is a strength. We owe it to ourselves to learn to grow plants, to raise crops and livestock, to survive in wild lands without packaged food. We don't have to actually do this, but if we did have to, we should be able.
As you can see, this conclusion isn't restating the argument, but rather bringing up a broader topic, one beyond the scope of the essay itself.
In modern academic essays, it's very common for conclusions to incorporate some elements of the summary and expansion approaches, taking advantage of the strengths of both.
The following hybrid conclusion does just this, first by summarizing the main claims that the earlier argument made, and then by expanding upon them, to perform a call to action while gesturing toward the many other aspects of modern life that - like the blue roses this essay is about - are more illusion than reality.
We like our flowers to be big and unblemished, to last long in a vase, and to come in just the right color. We don't want to think about what has to happen first. We don't want to think about the natural borders that have to be crossed, and we don't want to think about all the work that has to be done to produce the perfect bloom. And we especially don't want to be told that something isn't possible. After hundreds of years' worth of selective breeding, after decades of research and manipulation, after all of our high-tech tricks, the closest thing to a truly blue rose you're likely to see will have been created by a very simple, very old trick. I find this to be a comfort: To make a blue rose yourself, put a plain white rose in a vase of blue dye, and in doing so get yourself a little closer to the process.
