The way in which sociologists think, conceptualize, and theorize the family is not the same as the way in which you typically think of your family. You might think of your family as something natural, established and clear-cut, meaning ‘This person is in my family, and this person is not in my family.”
However, sociologists don’t necessarily view the family in this way. They view the family as a product of society--the family, and decisions about who's in it and who's not, are essentially a social construction.
Societies at this point in time and throughout history have had different ways of determining familial social relationships, like tracing descent, genealogy, kinship, etc., and they're not always the same. The family itself is a cultural universal, meaning the family unit is found in some form in every culture and in every society, but membership, definitions, and delineation of the family is not the same in each society. The family is structured through social interaction--it is a social construction.
The family is a group of two or more people who cooperate economically and are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
The family as a social construction means that it's a product of the particular society and the needs of that society that you're living in. In the United States, families are often distinguished two ways:
You are likely familiar with these terms, because notions of how the family works are simply taken for granted.
The nuclear family consists of two people and their children, and is often defined by marriage. You know what marriage is, but technically speaking, it is defined as a legal union involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and often, but not always, childbearing.
A similar idea, kinship, is helpful for making sense of how social relationships make up a family. Kinship is a culturally patterned social relationship based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
IN CONTEXT
Anthropologists looking at other societies with a comparative lens have provided insights into the social construction of people’s relationships of common ancestry and kinship. They have identified seven different systems of kinship that are all distinct from each other. For instance, in American society, people draw a kinship relationship with their father's brother, and call him ‘uncle.’
However, in a different kinship system that anthropologists call the Iroquois system of kinship, your father's brother is not labeled as an uncle. They don't have the same uncle relationship that Americans do. In the Iroquois system, your father's brother is labeled more strongly, and is also looked upon as a parent. There's no distinction made for uncle, for your father's brother.
Also in the Iroquois system of kinship, your father's sister is called an aunt, but your mother's sister is called a parent. As you can see, the sex is the same. Your mother's brother, on the other hand, as a different sex, is uncle. As you can see, it's more complicated than the American system of kinship, and it defines the family differently. These different definitions of family illustrate how kinship and family are social constructions, which is the lens that sociologists bring to studying these topics.
Source: This work is adapted from Sophia author Zach Lamb.