Table of Contents |
Teamwork is a compound word, combining "team" and "work." Teams are a form of group normally dedicated to production or problem-solving. That leaves us with the work.
This is where our previous example on problem-solving can serve us well. Each member of the team has skills, talents, experience, and education. Each is expected to contribute. Work is the activity, and while it may be fun or engaging, it also requires effort and commitment, as there is a schedule for production with individual and group responsibilities.
Each member must fulfill their own obligations for the team to succeed, and the team, like a chain, is only as strong as its weakest member. In this context, we don’t measure strength or weakness at the gym, but in terms of productivity.
Teams can often achieve higher levels of performance than individuals because of the combined energies and talents of the members. Collaboration can produce motivation and creativity that may not be present in single-contractor projects.
Individuals also have a sense of belonging to the group, and the range of views and diversity can energize the process, helping address creative blocks and stalemates. By involving members of the team in decision-making, and calling upon each member’s area of contribution, teams can produce positive results.
Teamwork is not without its challenges. The work itself may prove a challenge as members juggle competing assignments and personal commitments.
The work may also be compromised if team members are expected to conform and are pressured to go along with a procedure, plan, or product that they themselves have not developed.
Groupthink, or the tendency to accept the group’s ideas and actions in spite of individual concerns, can compromise the process and reduce efficiency. Additionally, personalities and competition can play a role in a team’s failure to produce.
We can recognize that people want to belong to a successful team, and celebrating incremental gains can focus the attention on the project and its goals. Members will be more willing to express thoughts and opinions, and follow through with actions, when they perceive that they are an important part of the team. By failing to include all the team members, valuable insights may be lost in the rush to judgment or production.
Making time for planning, and giving each member time to study, reflect, and contribute can allow them to gain valuable insights from each other, and may make them more likely to contribute information that challenges the status quo.
Unconventional or "devil’s advocate" thinking may prove insightful and serve to challenge the process in a positive way, improving the production of the team. Respect for divergent views can encourage open discussion.
Group dynamics involve the interactions and processes of a team and influence the degree to which members feel a part of the goal and mission. A team with a strong identity can prove to be a powerful force, but it requires time and commitment.
A team that exerts too much control over individual members can run the risk of reducing creative interactions and encourage tunnel vision; however, a team that exerts too little control, with attention to process and areas of specific responsibility, may not be productive. The balance between motivation and encouragement, and control and influence, is challenging as team members represent diverse viewpoints and approaches to the problem.
A skilled business communicator creates a positive team by first selecting members based on their areas of skill and expertise, but attention to their style of communication is also warranted.
Individuals that typically work alone or tend to be introverted may need additional encouragement to participate. Extroverts may need to be encouraged to listen to others and not dominate the conversation.
Whether or not there is a "natural leader," born with a combination of talents and traits that enable a person to lead others, has been a subject of debate across time. In a modern context, we have come to recognize that leadership comes in many forms and representations.
Once it was thought that someone with presence of mind, innate intelligence, and an engaging personality was destined for leadership, but modern research and experience shows us otherwise.
EXAMPLE
Just as a successful heart surgeon has a series of skill sets, so does a dynamic leader. A television producer must both direct and provide space for talent to create, balancing control with confidence and trust.This awareness of various leadership styles serves our discussion as groups and teams often have leaders, and they may not always be the person who holds the title, status, or role.
A democratic leader is elected or chosen by the group, but may also face serious challenges.
EXAMPLE
If individual group members or constituent groups feel neglected or ignored, they may assert that the democratic leader does not represent their interests.The democratic leader involves the group in the decision-making process, and ensures group ownership of the resulting decisions and actions as a result. Open and free discussions are representative of this process, and the democratic leader acknowledges this diversity of opinion.
An emergent leader contrasts the democratic path by growing into the role, often out of necessity.
EXAMPLE
The appointed leader may know little about the topic or content, and group members will naturally look to the senior member with the most experience for leadership.If the democratic leader fails to bring the group together, or does not represent the whole group, subgroups may form, each with an emergent, informal leader serving as spokesperson.
We will now look at some different types of leaders in action and draw on common experience for examples.
Self and Social Awareness: Skill Reflect |
There are four main types of leaders commonly found in professional environments:
The autocratic leader is self-directed and often establishes norms and conduct for the group.
In some settings, we can see that this is quite advantageous, such as during open-heart surgery or a military exercise, but it does not apply equally to all leadership opportunities.
EXAMPLE
The heart surgeon does not involve everyone democratically, is typically appointed to the role through earned degrees and experience, and resembles a military sergeant more than a politician.Contrasting the autocrat is the laissez-faire, or "live and let live" leader. In some professional settings, employees may bristle at the thought of an autocratic leader telling them what to do. They have earned their role through time, effort, and experience and know their job.
A wise laissez-faire leader recognizes this aspect of working with professionals and may choose to focus efforts on providing the employees with the tools they need to make a positive impact.
IN CONTEXT
Imagine that you are in the role of a television director and you have a vision or idea of what the successful pilot program should look like. The script is set, the lighting correct, and the cameras are in the correct position. You may tell people what to do and where to stand, but you remember that your job is to facilitate the overall process.
You work with talent, and creative people are interesting on camera. If you micromanage your actors, they may perform in ways that are not creative and that will not draw in audiences. But if you let them run wild through improvisation, the program may not go well at all.
Balancing the need for control with the need for space is the challenge of the laissez-faire leader.
The leader-as-conductor involves a central role of bringing people together for a common goal.
EXAMPLE
In the common analogy, a conductor leads an orchestra and integrates the specialized skills and sounds of the various components the musical group comprises.In the same way, a leader who conducts may set a vision, create benchmarks, and collaborate with a group as they interpret a set script. Whether it is a beautiful movement in music or a group of teams that comes together to address a common challenge, the leader-as-conductor keeps the time and tempo of the group.
Coaches are often discussed in business-related books as models of leadership for good reason. A leader-as-coach combines many of the talents and skills we’ve discussed here already.
A coach may be autocratic at times, give pointed direction without input from the group, and stand on the sidelines while the players do what they’ve been trained to do and make the points. The coach may look out for the group and defend it against bad calls, and may motivate players with words of encouragement. We can recognize some of the behaviors of coaches, but what specific traits have a positive influence on the group?
Coaches are teachers, motivators, and keepers of the goals of the group. There are times when members of the team forget that there is no "I" in the word "team." At such times, coaches serve to redirect the attention and energy of the individuals to the overall goals of the group. They conduct the group with a sense of timing and tempo, and at times, they relax and let the members demonstrate their talents. Through their listening skills and counseling, they come to know each member as an individual, but keep the overall team focus clear. They set an example.
Coaches, however, are human and by definition are not perfect. They can and do prefer some players over others and can display less than professional sideline behavior when they don’t agree with the referee. Still, this style of leadership is worthy of your consideration in its multidisciplinary approach.
Source: This tutorial has been adapted from "Business Communication for Success" Version 1.0 by Scott McLean. Copyright 2010. ISBN 978-1-4533-2742-5 (Licensee Product: Workplace Communication), reprinted with permission from FlatWorld.