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Backing
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In the Toulmin argumentation model, further support provided when the
audience is unlikely to accept the warrant without further evidence.
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Claim
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In the Toulmin argumentation model, a statement a writer wants the reader to believe or accept.
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Grounds
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In the Toulmin argumentation model, evidence (data, facts, logic) that
backs up or supports the claim.
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Qualifier
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In the Toulmin argumentation model, words or phrases that indicate the
writer's level of certainty regarding the claim or add nuance to the claim.
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Rebuttal or Counterargument
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In the Toulmin argumentation accounting for likely objections to the claim.
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Toulmin Model of Argumentation
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A methodology for organizing and structuring arguments, created by rhetorician Stephen Toulmin, and designed to support complicated, abstract, or consistently debateable claims.
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Warrant
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In the Toulmin argumentation model, the information or reasoning that
connects the claim to the grounds.